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For decades, Roman Catholic voters have been a pivotal swing vote in U.S. presidential elections, with a majority backing the winner — whether Republican or Democrat — nearly every time.

How they vote in the battleground states this year could well decide the outcome, and the rival campaigns are targeting them with fervent appeals to vote based on their faith.

Advocates for President Donald Trump say a faithful Catholic cannot vote for Democratic nominee Joe Biden because of his support for abortion rights. Critics of Trump say he is too divisive and callous to merit the vote of any faithful Catholic. The death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg brings into clearer focus the chasm between the two sides.

The campaigns are competing to win over people like Jeannie French of Pittsburgh, in battleground Pennsylvania, who has struggling with her decision. She’s a member of Democrats for Life, loath to vote for Biden because of his stance on abortion, but dismayed by Republicans’ positions on climate change, immigration and economic issues.

Just a week ago, French, a real estate consultant who volunteers at church, hadn’t made up her mind and was considering voting for a third-party candidate. Now, with the Supreme Court vacancy, she’s leaning toward Trump, who pledges to nominate a conservative woman.

“A vote for Trump will mean that I need to work even harder for fair wages, environmental issues, penal reform, immigrant care and other social concerns, but it also means that we get the opportunity to get things right on abortion as a nation,� French said via email. “For this Catholic, it might just be the right call."

Biden, a practicing Catholic who carries a Rosary, would be just the second Catholic president after John F. Kennedy. Trump, who identifies as Presbyterian, is an infrequent churchgoer.

In several battleground states including Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Florida, over 20% of adults are Catholic. Trump won all three in 2016, but recent polls show Biden with modest leads in each.

“The swinging portion of the Catholic vote swings more than other voting segments — that’s the target-rich segment,” said Brian Burch, president of the conservative advocacy group .

Burch believes Trump appeals to these voters, based on his anti-abortion policies and support for “school choice” that might benefit families preferring Catholic schools. On Tuesday, announced a $9.7 million campaign targeting battleground Catholics.

Several other groups are wooing these voters, including Catholics for Trump, whose advisory board includes former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, and Catholics for Biden, launched Sept. 3.

Among those addressing the online launch was Sister Simone Campbell, who heads the Network Lobby for Catholic Social Justice. This year the network will again mount a nationwide Nuns on the Bus campaign with virtual events targeting battleground states.

“Catholics cannot be true to their faith and vote for Donald Trump in November,� Campbell said. “President Trump is doing everything in his power to divide us, while our economy and health care systems collapse under the weight of the COVID-19 pandemic.�

Comparable strategies and tough talk are coming from the other side as well. Catholics for Trump is organizing state meetups including one in Florida featuring the Rev. Frank Pavone, a Catholic priest and anti-abortion activist who calls the Democrats “the party of death.�

This month, the Rev. James Altman, a parish priest in La Crosse, Wisconsin, declared during a diatribe on YouTube, “You cannot be Catholic and be a Democrat.�

La Crosse Bishop William Callahan criticized Altman for entangling the church in scandal, but among Wisconsin Catholics praising Altman was Kevin O’Brien, co-founder of a movement called Men of Christ.

“When you look at Catholic principles, what Altman said is true,� said O’Brien, who lives in Pewaukee.

As for the court vacancy, O’Brien said many Catholics are praying for a justice who will “secure laws that are just for all people, especially the unborn.�

Barbara Pfarr, a Milwaukee-based nun active in the Nuns on the Bus campaign, has posted criticisms of Trump on Facebook yet bemoans the political polarization that’s intensifying this year.

“I have tried to be better about being cynical, about demonizing the other side,� she said. “I’m not very good at it.�

In Florida, devout Catholic John Doolittle, a former Navy SEAL who works for a fitness and rehabilitation firm, said abortion is a paramount issue.

“My faith is a very large part of my political decision-making ... and abortion is a big part of that,� the St. Petersburg resident said. “I cannot support someone who’s OK with it.�

One of Biden’s high-profile Catholic supporters in Florida is Felice Gorordo, a Miami-based entrepreneur who co-hosted the national kickoff of Catholics for Biden.

The son of Cuban immigrants, Gorordo, 37, attended Jesuit schools and met Biden while working at the White House under Barack Obama.

He argued that the Supreme Court vacancy wouldn’t change the dynamics of the campaign, saying concerns about health care, job losses and the pandemic would remain paramount.

“In the end, I don’t think this will distract voters from all the ways Trump has destroyed the economy, failed on COVID, cost needless death and illness and acted contrary to Catholic values across the board, repeatedly,� Gorordo said.

In Pennsylvania, where Biden lived until he was 10, Republican State Rep. Frank Ryan believes Trump has the edge due to Catholics embracing his positions on abortion and school choice. He said priests in his region around Harrisburg are openly suggesting that politicians who support abortion rights should be denied Communion.

However, U.S. Sen. Bob Casey, a rare prominent Democrat who calls himself “pro-life,� said he and many other Catholics in Pennsylvania find greater moral value in Biden’s positions on other issues, including racial justice, immigration, health care and support for low-income families.

Such voters, he said, “have a pretty broad view of what constitutes a good Catholic.�

Associated Press religion coverage receives support from the Lilly Endowment through the Religion News Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for this content.